Light throws sparks Essay Example for Free

Light throws sparks Essay The article discusses the recent event that happened within the University of Zulia (LUZ). Last May 8 and 9, there had been launching of tear gas canisters at the Faculty of Liberal and Education as well as in the Faculty of Dentistry. The two consecutive events created fear and anxiety for the students, faculty, and administrators of the University. The incident left 17 students and 1 professor severely injured. As a result, the incident disturbed most of the classes, and led to the cancellation of all the classes in the morning. Classes in the afternoon resumed but fear was still felt by the students and the faculty. In order to address and prevent the terrifying incident, the University had already called the attention of the government. Although the University of Zulia is known for its autonomy from the government, Rose Nava, a Vicerrectora Academic, stated Article 7 of the University law which stipulates that in times of grave danger, the police must be called. The said incident was believed to be caused by the clash of candidates for the election of the Confederacy of Universities (FCU). Although no parties are admitting the violent act, candidates have spoken to their co-students to stop the violence and resort to proper and legal means for their concerns. Luiggi Nery, a candidate of the Initiative 13, said, â€Å"We should avoid the registration of destructive actions. † Jose Vine, also a student leader, stated that anything that results in human losses or action that leads to violence must be stopped. Title: Behind Closed Doors They Sign the Collective contract of Sidor Author: Henry Parada Lopez Published: 05 -13-2008 Tuesday From: Nuevaprensa. com (http://www. nuevaprensa. com. ve/index. php? option=com_contenttask=viewid=10060Itemid=2) The article narrates the recent event that involved the Government of Venezuela and Sutiss, a steel producing company. The government and Sutiss both signed a contract for the creation of another corporation which will bear the name â€Å"Iron Steel Works of Venezuela. † The mission of this new corporation is to enhance the steel and iron products as well as develop the technologies to create quality products. The contract signing was supposed to be conducted in public, but the higher ups changed their plan, as sudden actions against constructing the corporation created worries. Thus, rather than having the Guyanese Region present, the workers were the only audience in the contract signing. Instead of conducting a collective signing, President Hugo Chavez was given a tour of the corporation. The President truly believes that the promotion of mining and enhancement of steel and iron production would truly enhance the economy of Venezuela. President Hugo Chavez, a known socialist, said â€Å"We are going to create this corporation to order all the system of production of our steel, since the mines where the mineral of the iron is produced. † The President also said that capitalism is not good for a state and in order to stop that, â€Å"one must continue dominating spaces inside the country. † Though there lots of negative comments towards the corporation, President Hugo Chavez is positive towards the outcome of this corporation, not only economically but socially. In achieving success, the President called for action towards unity and cooperation. He encouraged the working class, students, peasants and the National Armed Forces to be matured and to leave each others differences for their own success. Title: Politics and Sex Should Be in the Same Scale Author: Charlie Garcia Published: 05-12 -2008 Monday From: CadenaGlobal. com (http://www. cadenaglobal. com/Noticias/? Not=174607) The column was about a question raised by a reader in which she asked the rights of women and how is it addressed by the government. As the writer discussed, we are currently in the modern times wherein women could easily relate to love and sex. Due to this, there is a need for the government to open up this topic and create official political documents addressing such issue. The writer stated that in the past, sex is not something that the international community is paying attention to as it is viewed as only an external factor. However, because of the emergence of globalization and strengthened Western relations, the ways on how the issues of sex are viewed have changed. Although openness in terms of sex can be observed in many societies, there are still countries that are not open to changes. In Afghanistan and Iraq—countries currently occupied by the United States—women are killed or given death threats if they hold any government positions. In Venezuela, the government has very well reflected the current female rights but it is not enough to address the problem of the rights of women. As the writer put it, the â€Å"the government at times find the theme of the female human rights too problematic to discuss in detail or they see it with little interest†. In the international community, there are evident examples of discrimination of women. These include the little reference on the female rights against domestic violence, sexual exploitation, and forced marriages, among others. There are no sanctions against countries that have a high percentage of human rights, specifically for women. Commentary: I often heard of the country Venezuela through international pageants, newspapers, television and the internet. As I have known, it is filled with interesting tourist spots due to its location and rich culture. However, as I was browsing the internet trying to find news that seemed interesting to me, I learned more about the country Venezuela. It is not simply a country with a lot of tourist destinations; it is a country filled with issues and concerns, just like others countries of today. As a developing country, Venezuela has a lot of concerns to address and one of them is the strict competition when it comes to elections. Just like in any country or culture, a person or organization that strongly feels about their advocacy would result in violence if he or she does not see that their goals are attained. I do believe that the launch of the tear gas canisters which led to violence was caused by their strong belief or was a form of protest. Although it is not a terrorist attack, it still brought fear to the University. The second article that I chose discussed about a contract that supposedly signed by President Hugo Chavez and Sutiss. I find the news intriguing, because the reason behind the sudden closed door the contract signing was not publicized. There are a lot of speculations that came into my mind, including corruption and conspiracy. The news was interesting but I suddenly questioned the real intentions of the government and the Sutiss in cooperating to establish a new company. The last topic was about sexuality and the current actions of the government towards creating female human rights. This story really piqued my interest because it focused on the reality of what really is happening in terms of the rights of women. The statement given by the writer, for instance, drew my attention. The creation of and addressing the human rights of women is very complicated to discuss as it may require recreating the laws of the land to fit the rights to be granted for women. It is evident that even in the modern world, women are still limited due to the restrictions made by the society and the government. Although there are plans made for the women to have determined and precise laws applicable to them, there are no direct actions made by the government to present their real interest to create equality between men and women. All the news articles made me realize that every country has its own issues that need to be solved. Further studies on Venezuela would reveal the roles of culture, society, and history in the issues that this country is currently facing. The hunger for power, development, and equality are the major struggles seen in these articles. Each of these presents the different sides of Venezuela which I have never seen before. There is a huge difference between life in Venezuela and the lifestyle of United States. In Venezuela, I believe that poverty is definitely hard to eradicate due to lack of education and opportunities for the people. On the other hand, development and progress is also a challenge to achieve. This is evident in the lines uttered by President Hugo Chavez in which he encouraged and called for all the citizens to unify and cooperate in achieving success and development. Although there are many struggles in attaining these goals, hope is still exhibited by the President which shows his passion and desire to create a successful Venezuela. Works Cited Garcia, Charlie. Politica y sexo deberian estar en la misma balanza. Cadena Global. Cadenaglobal. com. 12 May 2008. 14 May 2008 http://www. cadenaglobal. com/Noticias/? Not=174607

Power generation

Power generation Introduction The availability of electricity and its per capita consumption is often regarded as an index of national standard of living in the present day civilization. The amount of power generated is a sign of growing gross national products which reflects prosperity of the people. Energy goes in tandem with progress. The lack of it and inadequate measure can throttle the entire economic activity and well being of the country. Therefore, energy is considered as the most basic input for any country for keeping the wheels of its economy moving. Electricity is an easy form of energy which can be produced easily, transported easily, can be used easily and also controlled easily. Power plants are used to produce electricity in bulk quantities. However, in a developing country like India, the demand for power is increasing at a very rapid rate. As a result the use of renewable forms of energy is being increased and at the same time actions are being taken to improve the overall efficiency of the existing power plants. Combined cycle power plant couples a steam and a gas power plant in order to improve the overall efficiency to 70%. This combined cycle recovers much of the exhaust energy and uses it further to drive a steam or gas turbine or a district heating plant. As a result, there is an increase in the power produced and at the same time it reduces additional cost and the generating cost. There are many other benefits of a combined cycle power plants. Benefits like high efficiency and low environment impact are the most important. In todays world, emission levels of all kinds of fuels must meet stringent regulations acceptable to the countrys government. It is therefore important for power producers to invest in plants which have low emissions level. Risk mitigation and public acceptance are paramount. Combined cycle plants especially those which use natural gas or other renewable resources are a good choice for low emissions. Carbon dioxide emissions and other gases produced in a combined cycle power plant are much lower than other fossil fuel technologies. Power Generation System Simple Power Plant Cycle A simple power plant generation cycle utilizes only a single thermodynamic cycle at a time. It converts the energy stored in fossil fuels into shaft work and ultimately into electricity. It uses water which is generally in the liquid state and sometimes even in the vapor state, as the working medium. The energy which is released by the burning the fuel is used to heat water and convert it to steam which is then further used to run a turbine to generate electricity. The steam which leaves the turbine is sent to a condenser such that the water can be re used. However, the efficiency of a simple cycle is still less and large amount of exhaust is emitted at the end of the cycle. The efficiency of a simple power plant is given by: ÃŽ ®(cycle) =W(net)/Q(1)=W(T)-W(P)/Q(1)=Q(1)-Q(2)/Q(1) =1-Q (2)/Q (1) The major components of a simple power plant cycle are as follows: (i). Compressor (ii). Combustor (iii). Power turbine (iv). Generator In a simple power plant as seen, ambient air is filtered and then compressed to a pressure of 14 to 30 bar (190 to 420 psig). As the air is compressed its pressure increases which in turn are used to burn the fuel producing hot gases with a temperature generally higher than 1,000 degree Celsius. This then expands in a turbine driving the compressor and generator. The expanded hot gases leave the turbine at ambient pressure and at a temperature between 450 to 650 degree Celsius depending on the turbine efficiency, pressure ratio, and turbine inlet temperature. Such a power plant has 35% efficiency only. Gas Compressor It is a mechanical device which is used for increasing the pressure of a gas by decreasing its volume. Generally air is used in a power plant for compression, however, oxygen, nitrogen and other gases are also compressed. There are three general types of compressors, namely, positive displacement, axial and centrifugal. Positive displacement compressors may be reciprocating piston type, in which the gas is taken in during the suction stroke of the piston, and is compressed by decreasing the volume of the gas by moving the piston in the opposite direction. Centrifugal compressors use high speed impeller to increase the energy of the gas which is then converted into pressure in the diffuser. They are used to compress large volume of gas to moderate pressures. In Axial compressors gas is made to flow parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotor which in turn contains a number of rows of blades. As the gas passes through the blades its energy increases which is converted into pressure. This type of compressor is used for jet aircraft engines and gas turbines. Combustor It is a part of turbine where the combustion takes place. In a gas turbine, air enters the first combustion chamber after the compressor. Here, fuel is mixed with the compressed air and the exhaust is then used to drive the turbine to obtain work. A combustor should fulfill the four basic conditions: (i). Supply enough air for complete combustion of air. (ii). Secure enough turbulence for thorough mixing of fuel and air. (iii). Maintain a furnace temperature high enough to ignite the incoming fuel air mixture. (iv). Provide a furnace volume large enough to allow time for combustion to be completed. It is important to determine the right amount of oxygen that should enter the combustor. Amounts of Carbon-di-oxide and oxygen are indicators of excess air. If the amount of oxygen is more in the combustor than the required amount, it will burn fuel more rapidly and the efficiency would reduce. A combustor has three main components, namely, the outer casing which is the high pressure container, the combustion chamber, and the fuel injection system. [1][4] Turbine A steam turbine is a prime mover which continuously converts the energy of high-pressure, high temperature steam supplied by a steam generator into shaft work with the low temperature steam exhausted to a condenser. This energy conversion essentially occurs in two steps: (i). The high pressure, high temperature steam first expands in nozzles and comes out at high velocity. (ii). The high velocity jets of steam coming out of the nozzles, impinge on the blades mounted on a wheel, get deflected by an angle and suffer a loss of momentum which is absorbed by the rotating wheel in producing torque. A steam turbine is basically an assemblage of nozzles and blades. The fig of a Turbine is given below. Many types of turbines are used in Power Plants, namely: 1. Steam turbines are used for electricity generation in thermal power plants, i.e. plants using coal and fuel. 2. Gas turbines are also called turbine engines. Every turbine is provided with an emergency control lever which can immediately shut down the running of turbines in case a catastrophy occurs. Each power plant has a fixed turbine rotation rate. These rates at which the turbines rotate are different for different process. In a power plant the turbines fail to operate if: 1. Shaft speed exceeds 3300 rpm 2. The lubrication system fails 3. Turbine balancing is not proper 4. Temperature of plant increases 5. Cooling mechanisms not working properly Control And Supervisory Instruments: Many control and supervisory instruments are provided for the safe and effective operation of a turbine. They are as follows: 1. Pressure gauges are used to monitor the pressure of main steam at various valves. 2. Thermometers are used to record temperatures at every valve and in the combustor valve. 3. A Speed recorder is used to monitor the turbine rpm all the time and in case its speed increases beyond a set value then it is deactivated. 4. Watt meters and voltmeters are used to determine the steam and heat rates at various points in the process. 5. A trip control lever is provided in case of an emergency. Generator It is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. A steam generator generates steam at the desired pressure and temperature by burning fuel in its furnace. A generator forces electric charges to be in motion through an exterior electrical circuit, but it does not create electricity or charge, which is already present in the wire of its windings. As it can be seen from Fig 4, heat is produced in a generator because of losses caused by current flow in the stator and field windings. This affects the temperature in the generator. By using cooling mechanisms such an event can be avoided. Generators are usually cooled using hydrogen at very high pressures say at 3 bars. Hydrogen is used since its specific heat is the highest and its molecular weight is the least. Combined Cycle Power Generation The Carnot efficiency is the efficiency of an ideal thermal process. Generally the efficiencies of some processes are less since there are a large amount of losses involved. Thus, a distinction between energetic and exergetic losses is drawn. Energetic losses are mainly losses incurred due to heat, and are thus the energy lost in the process. Exergetic losses are internal losses caused by irreversible processes in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics. The process efficiency can be improved by raising the maximum temperature in the cycle, releasing the waste water at a lower temperature or by improving the process to minimize the internal exergetic losses. The interest in combined cycles arises particularly from these considerations. Although, no single cycle can make all the improvements. It thus seems reasonable to combine two cycles to one. Supplementary firing may raise the exhaust temperature to around 900 degree Celsius. Also, high gas temperature raises the condition of steam which in turn improves the efficiency of a power plant. The two thermodynamic cycles generally used in a combined cycle power generation are Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle. Brayton Cycle In Brayton cycle the air is first compressed and then at constant pressure reversibly heat is added to it. Due to this, expansion of air takes place in the turbine. This leads to emission of hot gases at a constant pressure which helps in bringing it to the initial state. The Brayton cycle consists of 4 cycles in total, out of which two are reversibly isentropic and the other two are reversible adiabatic. Also a Brayton cycle is called as the air standard cycle for the gas turbine power plant. [1] Cycle Processes: A. 1-2 Isentropic Compression (q = 0) B. 2-3 Isobaric Heat Addition (w = 0) C. 3-4 Isentropic Expansion (q = 0) D. 4-1 Isobaric Heat Rejection (w = 0) Rankine Cycle We can use a hypothetical value for every process in the vapor power cycle which represents its basic intended operation and something which does not produce any extraneous effect. From the steam boiler, it is used as a constant pressure heating process to convert water to form steam, for the turbine as an ideal reversible adiabatic expansion of steam, for the condenser it is a reversible constant pressure heat rejection as the steam condenses till it becomes saturated liquid, and for the pump, the ideal process is the reversible adiabatic compression of this liquid ending at the initial pressure. When all these four processes are ideal, the cycle is called a Rankine cycle. There are four basic steps in a Rankine cycle: Step1-2: working fluid is pumped to high pressure from its initially low pressure state. This process requires low energy. Step2-3: the high pressure working fluid then enters a boiler where it is heated continuously such that it becomes dry saturated vapour. Step 3-4: the dry saturated vapour is then used to turn the blades of a turbine to generate power. The temperature and pressure of the working fluid decreases. Step 4-1: the wet vapour then enters a condenser where it is condensed to become a saturated liquid. District Heating A district heating system uses hot water to bring heat to towns and communities rather than using electrical power. This technology is quite old. The oldest district heating system which is still in operation was used to warm a French village from geothermal hot springs in the fourteenth century. Later on, US were the first country to use the process of district heating in plants. A steam district heating system has been in use by the US Naval Academy since 1852. The first commercial system began in Denver in as early as 1880. As of today, nearly 30,000 district heating plants are working in the US and there are a thousand more around the world. A district heating plant contains insulated pipes which carry hot water from the plant to various sites. Also these pipes are interconnected between various buildings through a junction point as can be seen from Fig 7. From these junction points, hot water is taken from the mains to a heat exchanger which is also called a heat sub-station and present inside each building. Because of this the heating circuit which is present inside each building can be isolated from the main heating system. A temperature sensor is present on the heat substation which monitors the temperature of water at all times. Also a meter is attached, which calculates the amount of water consumed by each apartment or building and are charged accordingly. To ensure safe and smooth running of the plant, human intervention is reduced by running the plant automatically. Advantages Of Combined Cycle Power generation The worldwide demand for combined cycle power plants is growing dramatically because of its large advantages, namely: (i). High overall plant efficiency: up to 70% can be obtained. (ii). Low investment costs: up to 30% lower than that required for a conventional steam power plant. (iii). Small amount of water required: amount of cooling water required is only about 40 to 50% as much as for a steam plant. (iv). Great operating flexibility: the simple steam cycle makes it possible to start up and shut down the plants quickly which also affects the efficiency. (v). Phased installation: because the gas turbines can go into operation much sooner than the steam plant, installation in stages is possible. The gas turbine can keep on generating power as the steam plant is under construction. This makes it possible to adjust the growth in demand for energy in a grid. (vi). Simplicity of operation: combined power plants are fully automatic and are suitable for operating where the operating staff is less experienced. (vii). Low environmental impact: because of their low emission levels and high efficiency, such plants are suitable for use in a heavily populated region. [1][5] Components Of A Combined Cycle Power Plant The major components of a combined cycle power plant are listed below: i. Fuel: Different types of fuel may be used, namely, natural gas, coal, oil, petrol, diesel or any other conventional source of energy. Generally, natural gas is used as primary fuel. Also, experiments are being conducted to use renewable sources of energy like solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, nuclear energy etc as the main source of fuel. Using renewable source if energy would decrease the cost of running the plant tremendously and increase the efficiency as well. [2] ii. HRSG (Heat Recovery Steam Generator): HRSG is a heat exchanger. It is the link between the gas turbine and the steam turbine process. It is used to recover heat from a hot gas stream. It produces steam that can be used in a process. HRSG are commonly used in a combined-cycle power station, in which the exhaust is fed to the HRSG to generate steam which in-turn drives a steam turbine.There are three main types of HRSGs, namely: 1. HRSG without supplementary firing. 2. HRSG with supplementary firing. 3. Steam generators with maximum supplementary firing. HRSG without supplementary firing are the most common. Its main function is to convert the exhaust energy of gas turbine into steam. [2] iii. Deaerator: the main function of a Deaerator is to remove air and other dissolved gases from the water or steam in gas/steam cycle. This is necessary as the high oxygen content present in the steam/water corrodes the components of a plant along with the pipes. Generally, oxygen content of more than 7 to 10 parts per billion(ppb) is highly dangerous. Deaeration should be done continually since small leakages of air at air flanges and pump seals in the part of the cycle vacuum cannot be avoided. The solubility of the gases increase at a higher temperature and low pressure. A Deaerator removes these gases by heating the feed water to the saturation temperature. This feed water then passes through a heat exchanger after which it is sprayed from the top. By coming in contact dissolved oxygen and carbon di oxide get released. The Deaerator is usually kept in between the feed water system such that the total pressure difference between the boiler and the condenser is shared equally betw een the condenser pump and the boiler feed pump. The Deaerator is not used water cooled nuclear power plants as there is a danger of radioactive substance release. There are two types of Deaerators: a. Tray type Deaerator b. Spray type Deaerator iv. Control System: In todays world almost all cycles are automated in order to improve the efficiency and at the same time reducing human intervention. Control system is to a power plant what a brain is for a human body. Supervision, control, performing operations in a safe and reliable environment, continuously checking for leakages and faults is all done by the Control System. For this reason, the control and automation systems of a combined cycle power plant form a relatively complex system even though the thermal process is fairly simple. Fully electronic control systems are employed in todays modern combined cycle plants. The main features of the control system for a combined cycle power plants are: 1. Truly distributed architecture 2. Complete range of functions for process control 3. Communication capability due to several bus levels 4. Compliance with standard communication protocol 5. Openness for third party applications 6. On-line programmability with easy creation/editing of the programs v. Cooling system: An engine that is not cooled will soon reach a temperature which will seriously harm its functioning. If the heat is too intense it can cause the lubricant to burn up, leading to souring of cylinders, burning of pistons and bearings or any of variety of other mechanical troubles. Especially in a power plant where combustion of fuel continuously takes place for power generation, excess heat is like an enemy which needs to remove as soon as it is generated, least it would be dangerous. Two types of cooling systems are used, Air cooling and Liquid cooling. vi. Cogeneration: It is the simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heat. It is basically a recycling process. In conventional power plants, the waste heat is released into the atmosphere. Cogeneration captures this heat and re uses it for industrial heating purposes. In processes like district heating temperatures up to 130Â °C can be reached. Manhattan is the biggest steam district in the world. Many European countries also make use of this technology. Using cogeneration a bottoming plant captures the byproduct heat for domestic and industrial purposes thus increasing the overall efficiency of a plant. Paper and textile mills, chemical factories, sugar factories etc are few of the many industries which use saturated steam as the desired temperature for many purposes like heating and drying. For constant heating or drying steam is used. Also, the industry also needs power to drive its various machines. For this purpose combined cycle plants which use cogeneration are used since it serves both the purposes. District Heating Through Cogeneration Cogeneration involves the production of both electricity and thermal energy simultaneously from a common fuel source. The rejected or exhaust heat is used here for the process of district heating. Other applications included Desalination cooling. District heating is the latest technology for heating of homes and buildings in cold places like Europe. Heat which is produced in the thermal section in form of hot water is transported to houses and other areas using insulated pipes, such that the temperature doesnt change and a separate boiler is not needed at the receiving end. Vapor Absorption System A vapor absorption system can be used in the process of district heating. This system uses Ammonia which has a relative lower boiling point than water. Thus, less heat is needed to heat the water. Later ammonia can be removed from the water-ammonia mixture and reused again. The flow chart for such a system is as follows: Advantages Of District Heating There are many advantages of using this technology. A few of them are as follows: 1. Heat is transported to the urban areas using a heat exchanger which has a longer life. 2. Water is the main carrier. It can be easily procured from sea (desalination) or underground water. 3. Heating equipment takes less space and can be easily installed. 4. It can be used all year along without ant breaks. 5. Efficiency is more. 6. Distribution system is controlled using Computer which automatically increases or decreases the amount of water being delivered, depending upon the needs. Operation Of A Combined Cycle Power Plant Usually a combined cycle power plants are operated automatically. There are switches available which make it possible to activate the starting or shutting down of the equipment from a central control room. The commands may be given by operating staff or from a high level starting program which runs automatically. The start and stop are decided on several parameters which are pre defined in the program. Because the plants have a shorter start up time and an even quicker load change capability, the combined cycle power plants are often called to be dynamic in its behaviour. It is also quick in reacting, thus it is capable of following up quick changes. [2][6] Modern CCPP in the 50-400 MW range can be started within the following times: For a combined cycle power plant, Start up procedure is divided into three stages: 1. HRSG purging 2. Speeding up and synchronization of Gas turbine 3. Speeding up and synchronization of Steam turbine Purging of the boilers is a very important process. It prevents any explosion from unburned hydrocarbons by running the gas turbine at a high ignition speed of about more than 30% of normal speed, which helps in blowing of air through the HRSG. Purging then depends on the volume of gas left behind in the gas turbine. After the purging has been done, the gas turbines run at nominal speed, synchronized and loaded to the desired level. [7] Programmable Logic Controller Plc Definition A programmable Logic Controller, which is generally called as PLC, is a state of the art, digital industrial computer. A programmable logic controller is an industrial computer in which control devices such as limit switches, push buttons, temperature sensors or pressure sensors provide incoming control signals into the unit. An incoming control signal is called an Input. Incoming control signals interact with instructions specified in the user ladder program, which tells the PLC how to react to the incoming signals. The user program also directs the PLC on how to control the field devices like starter lights. A signal going out of the PLC to control a field device is called an Output. [5] Advantages Of Plc The main advantages of using PLC in the field are as follows: (i). Gain complete control of the manufacturing process (ii). Achieve consistency in automation (iii). Improve quality and accuracy (iv). Work in difficult hazardous condition (v). Shorten time to market (vi). Lower the cost of quality, scrap and rework (vii). Offer greater product variety (viii). Control inventory[5] How Does PLC Work Microprocessor is the main working brain of all the computers. The computers microprocessor, which is technically known as the central processing unit (CPU), supervises many controls and instructions as defined by the user. The microprocessor responds to the input signals and follows the instruction that it has been programmed to do. When the PLC is running and is following the programmers instructions it is called as solving the user problem. PLCs follow the instructions that are stored inside their memory. Also they may store programs for future use. Each instruction that has been entered will be placed inside the memory in the increasing order. These lists of instructions are called as a Ladder diagram. A basic PLC and its components are shown below. The instructions that are required to be carried out are transferred to the memory of the controller using a computer. The ladder diagram is made by the user using various kinds of latches, timers, counters and other accessories available with the software. After the ladder diagram has been verified and corrected, we download the program into the processors memory. Downloading basically means transferring the program from a personal computers memory to the logic controllers memory. Before downloading a user program, the processor must be in the program mode. After downloading the entire program all the wires have to be connected properly unless the required outputs would not be shown. Also, one can download the program as many number of times as it may be required. The continual running of the program in the PLC is useful in continuously determining if any input is being changed by the user or not. This process is called scanning. According to the commands given and the kind of timers or counters used, the output would be shown which is basically turning of the output light, which is present on the right hand side of the controller. A PLC interfaced with a computer is shown below. The PLC has come a long way since the first time it was used for industry applications. In these years, the PLCs usage has been increased drastically. It has been designed to withstand the harsh temperature. Since mostly PLCs are employed in industries where the temperature is usually on a higher side, they have been made resistant to heat. It is for this reason it is called as industrially hardened device. Also PLCs are small and easy to store. Also they require minimum of space. Also PLC gives the user the ability to try new things. The PLC can easily be programmed for any number of times. The programs are developed from the ladder diagrams. As an industrial computer, the PLC can easily replace functions of timers or counters. Also any type of sequence can be tried on the software. Also these days functions like arithmetic and data manipulation or shift registers have been made available along with the software which has increased its range of operation. The main benefit of using PLC is easy troubleshooting. In industries ladder diagrams may span for many pages. As a result it becomes very difficult to identify the errors. However, PLC software comes with an inbuilt troubleshooting device which tells the user where errors have occurred, if any. This helps in easy identifying of the problem and saves precious time. PLC, thus, is a very important tool in industry usage. RS LOGIX 500 RSLogix is a used to run a particular or a full segment in an industry. RSLogix is a product of Allen-Bradley, which provide the best industry controllers. This software offers unbeatable productivity and is widely used in industries. A simpler version called RSLogix 500 was made by Allen-Bradley for laboratory purposes. I have used this software for interfacing different cycles in a combined cycle power plant. RSLogix 500 offers [5]: (i). Flexible easy to use editors (ii). Diagnostics (iii). Troubleshooting tools (iv). Time saving features and functionality Simulation On Rs Logix 500 The project was divided into three parts: 1. Brayton Cycle 2. Rankine Cycle 3. District Heating Ladder diagrams for each were constructed after thoroughly understanding each process in detail. Use of timers, counters and switches were made in the ladder diagrams to illustrate limit switches. Temperature and pressure values have been assumed and are not based on actual standards. RSLogix 500 provides with a large variety of instruction palettes, like normally open closed switches, timers, counters etc. Values of temperature and pressure sensors were assumed and are not based on factual data. Also, various kinds of up-counters and down-counters along with many types of timers were used in designing of the ladder diagrams. I started with designing of ladder diagram for Brayton cycle. Then I designed a Rankine cycle which uses the waste of Brayton cycle as the input and lastly I designed a District Heating plant which uses the wasteful outputs of both Brayton and Rankine cycles. A Combined Cycle Power Plant increases the efficiency of a power plant by almost double. As a result, its usage is increasing globally as more and more simple plants are being converted to combined cycle power plants. Given below is the figure of an instruction palette as seen in the software. After the Ladder logic is entered, the whole file or project is verified without errors and is given access for download. The figure for the same is given below: Brayton Cycle The ladder diagram is as shown below. It has a lower efficiency than a steam cycle. The above figure shows the ladder diagram for the Brayton Cycle. The first rung illustrates the fuel which is supplied. I have taken Natural gas as the main source of fuel and Diesel for emergencies. The fuel mixes with Air. The ratio of fuel: air is about 1:30. A timer which acts like a pressure sensor is attached in parallel with the compressor. Since this timer is attached to a done bit, it cuts off the fuel and air supply after 15 seconds. This is so done since it is assumed that after, say 15 seconds, the pressure in the compressor reaches 200 Bar. If the compressor is opened for more time, then the compressor might blow off because of extreme pressure. This pressure I have assumed is totally hypothetical and varies with the type of material used in the making of the compressor. After the air and fuel gets compressed i.e. the pressure increases and the volume decreases (according to Boyles law), then the compressor valve opens. The compressor mixture then enters a combustor wher e the combustion takes place. I have attached a up-counter in parallel with the combustor. The up-counter does the same function

Measuring The Impact Of Given Hrm Strategy Commerce Essay

Measuring The Impact Of Given Hrm Strategy Commerce Essay Human resource is seen as one of the most critical differentiators contributes to the organizations competitive advantages. All the other assets, such as products, markets, cash, buildings and equipment are passive require human application to generate value (Caliskan, 2010). It is the manpower that plays the key factor to sustaining the productivity for the organizations. How people being managed effectively and the behaviours of theirs can tell an organizations performance. In other words, the organizational performance can be explained by productivity, efficiency, effectiveness and competitiveness made by the employees. INTRODUCTION This essay will discuss why work ethic principles and values are part of the human resources strategy, how training and further education can enhance employees behaviours therefore to offer more to the organizations performance, and how human resources impacts on corporate performance. THE FACTORS INVOLVED IN MEASURING THE IMPACT OF GIVEN HRM STRATEGY Every organization is powered by its people. And the organizational effectiveness is viewed by the quality of services deliver to their customers who develop the organizations reputation. HR strategies play to role to help to organizations to delivery excellent services. Successful organizations see HR strategy formulation and execution as a continuous and dynamic process. In fact, effective HR strategies are essential to ensure productivity and maximum success for organizations. Effectiveness is one way of measuring the impact of HRM strategy implantation. The true success of the human resources management could not be just measured by the organizations financial targets. We should not treat strategies isolated, they need to be bundled. Therefore, to measure the effectiveness of strategic contribution of human resource management should focus on the overall contribution to the success of the organization, in terms of added value, competitive advantage and the impact on business performance (The Association of Business Executives , 2008). And typically, ways in which this contribution has been made will include: Develop a positive and healthy working environment Enhance positive motivations and commitment Increase employee skills and extended the skills base Provide employees with extended responsibilities so they can make full use of their skills and abilities Provide career opportunities and define competence requirements Provide career development and job security to employees Instituting processes of performance management and continuous development Use reward management system to convey messages about what the organization believes to be important. Share information and management transparent. Provide employees with invoice. Treat employees as partners instead of team players. (The Association of Business Executives , 2008) THE AVAILABLE TOOLS USED FOR MEASURING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HRM STRATEGY Organizations need to have a complete system for the followings: Identify what process should achieve (i.e. its objectives), then measure what is actually being achieved, compare what is actually being achieved against what should have been achieved, then provide required corrective actions if necessary, last implement new actions. By doing all these can measure weather the HRM strategy being effective or not. The popular concept for measuring the effectiveness of human resources strategy these days are: Balance scorecard and Benchmarking. Balance scorecard is comprehensive management tools to measure and share the organizations progress towards its achievement of the strategic goals. More specifically, the balance scorecard is a strategic planning management system that consists of people, strategy, process and technology to align the organization to share a version of achieving its success and getting the people working on the right tracks. Added value, it is people who develop visions, define and set goals, develop strategic plans and implement them (The Association of Business Executives , 2008).This right organization structure is to develop employees being motivate and managed effectively, gain their commitment therefore to deploy them effectively, productively. For example, traditional measures of performance such as value of sales per salesperson, With this strategic management scorecard system, the organizations operational performance such as financial status, customer results, operational efficiency and capacity building can be measured and valued. The balance scorecard is also a communication system through the whole organization to provide better aligning strategic objectives with resources. It sets goals and drives all the employees to adopt and adjust their attitudes and behaviours/actions to achieve them. The balance scorecard helps people within the organization to come to a better understanding regards the interrelationships between different organizational functions. Therefore the top management can avoid the functional barriers and improve decision-making and problem solving. Ultimately enhance the organizations performance. Last but not least, the balanced scorecard helps the organization focus on the future not simply the past or present. Another popular tool of measuring organizations performance is Benchmarking. In fact benchmarking has long been recognized in industry as an effective means of improving business performance. Benchmarking is frequently cited as the second most popular global technique (after business planning) for performance improvement (Bencharmarking, 2006). The shortest definitions of benchmarking is Finding and implanting best practice (Camp, 1995). It means searching for industry best practice that lead to superior performance. Benchmarking is the process of comparing ones business process and/or best practices from other industries. Organizations benchmark themselves in quality, time and cost etc. against their real peers therefore to improve their performance. Benchmarking process diagram (Bencharmarking, 2006) There are two types of benchmarking: Informal and Formal benchmarking. Here I would only talk about formal benchmarking, which consists: Performance and best practice benchmarking. Performance benchmarking involves comparison of the organizations financial status (such as expenditure, cost of labour, adherence to budget, cash flow, revenue collected etc.) and non-financial measures (such as staff turnover, budget processing time, complaints etc.). Through benchmarking, the organization can recognize whether is being a leader or it is far behind in the market. For example, by comparing the income with the organization itself to the industry, the organization can know whether it is making too small profits or there is still more rooms to grab more profits. These processes involve identifying, capturing, analysing and comparing, the organization gains knowledge to know its status well enough which leads to better business strategies and responding human resources practices. The CONNECTION BETWEEN HRM STRATEGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE Human resource is considered the most important factors to gain and sustain competitive advantages for organizations. In order to achieve this, the human resource management practices need to be aligned within themselves (internal fit). The human resource management also need to be aligned with the organizations strategy (strategic fit) (Lamboij, Sanders, Koster and Zwiers, 2006). Human resources strategy should always match the business strategy. It should be flexible, compatible, adoptive, integrated, and effective to the organizational changes. The goals of HR strategy process are strictly concerned with the managing people effectively which can assist in the achievement of organizational objectives. The best fit human resource strategies that help the organizations to gain and sustain competitive advantages should be: Invest in people to increase capability and align skills to the organizational needs through on-the job and off-the job training and further educations. Providing training and development, job security and satisfaction are key human resource techniques essential for high performance. Acknowledge the organizations identifies and the knowledge/attitudes that require to meet the organizational goals and satisfy the customers. Define and promote the behaviours and positive attitudes required for organizational success and encouraged, valued and rewarded them. The better employees know what to expect from them, the more they behave cooperatively towards their co-workers and their supervisors. HRM provides professional conduct guides that apply to from hourly employees up to top management to determine business related acts or behaviours are right or wrong. Appoint right employees with the right skills/abilities to do the right jobs to let them feel fulfilled and challenged. Gain employees commitment and loyalty to the achieve organizations missions and goals. ETHICAL CODES OF CONDUCT/BEHAVIOUR IN HRM STRATEGY There are a number of reasons why developing a workplace code of ethics is crucial. Workplace ethics is the moral conducts of behaviours developed by a place of business to determine what is expected of employees in a particular settings. Managers play the key role to take responsibility for determining and enforcing the acceptable and expected standards within their organizations. Workplace ethics set the rules of conduct for everyone at a particular business environment. It helps everyone to know what is encouraged/expected or inappropriate at work. If everyone is clear on what kind of behaviours are expected and what is unacceptable, employees are able to be point out when there are some actions are out of the lines. Workplace ethics also ensures that employees are treated equally and they always have rights to speak for themselves. Workplace ethics helps to enhance reputation by gaining consumers to think that the organizations are somehow better than their competitors. More impo rtantly, the ethical standards/values are shared and known within the organizations by the entire staff, the environment will be conductive to values-driven behaviours, such as values that can guide decision making and discussion and information sharing; values can help to enhance a sense of commitment to the organizations and therefore, are an important part of high commitment management. Values can improve the all the relationships within and outside the organizations. For example, within the organization, between the organization and its workforce, values and ethics codes identify the attitudes towards equal opportunities and diversity; Between management and employees, value and code ethics guide the managers to maintain a professional relationships with employees, and to identify the importance of trust, respect and equality; Between employees, values and ethics codes identify what sort of behaviours are expected among employees. Outside the organization, values and ethics and make an organization stand out among other competitors to its customers and consumers (The Association of Business Executives , 2008). Indeed an organization that has good value and ethics code can impress its customers with their attitudes, the responsibilities they have towards the social responsibility and the views of the environment, etc. THE ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Human resource managers are in a key position to ensure that ethics codes management is applied through the whole organization. Communications and training programmes are essential. And managers need to make decisions ethically to determine business-related acts or behaviours are right or wrong. Business ethics can provide businesses with moral guidelines in conducting their affairs. Managers often face ethical dilemmas in the workplace but they may not aware of it. On reason is the manager is not trained in ethics so it is difficult to know when an ethical issue exists (Mintz, 2011). The first step in making ethical decisions is to be sensitive to identify the unethical signposts in question. Determine whether your decision harms one or more parties while benefiting others. Managers need to be aware that ethical decision making causes the consequences of the actions on others the stakeholders in the specific situation. The next step is to identify alternative choices and actions to evaluate them in the ethical way. Be sure to follow the laws, regulations, practices and company policy including the code of conducts. From an ethical perspective certain guidelines apply such as dont violate anyones rights; be fair-mined in deciding how best to resolve the dilemma, always follow basic virtues including honesty, integrity, reliability and being responsible and accountable for ones actions (Mintz, 2011). After evaluating the alternatives from the ethical perspective, managers need to know for certain how the potential decision might affect the stakeholders. It should create trusting or even legal problems/reputation damage among employees and top management. The last step in ethical decision-making is the most difficult one. It takes a lot to carry out an ethical decision with ethical action. It could be the case that the ethical decision and ethical action would actually do harm to the company reputatio n or other employees image among the organization. For example, if sales A found out that sales B, one of the top sales in the company, misleading customers a bit regarding the product (not a serious mistake) in order to get more sales. In this case, should sales A reports to the top management straight away or just pretend nothing happen? If reports to the top management, they may likely not do anything. Or they would think sales A is just getting jealous with sales B, which will lead them to think that sales A is not the type of guy that they want to keep for long term. Or the top management invest in the detail and find out the truth and they have to fire sales B, which the consequence will be the company lost a top sale and some big customers therefore it effects the organizations reputation and selling targets. One of the the rational way to deal with this unethical issue will be whistle-blowing. Sales A could make an anonymous complain or letter to report this unethical behavi our explain the behaviour or issue in detail as well as how the issue should be resolved. Nowadays organizations have employees from different culture background. One thing managers need to ensure that they do not discriminate unfairly in their decisions or actions towards employees, either before or during the employment. Organization should provide equal opportunities to everyone within the organization. Managing cultural diversity is never easy. Recognising the behaviours of discrimination is the first step towards establishing equal treatment working environment. All in all, the responsibilities of good managers in making ethical decisions are: Be sensitive with the ethical issues in working environment Be clear with the responding consequence followed by the ethical decisions/actions Identify company policy, code of ethics conducts and carry out the ethical actions TRAINING METHOD IN WORK PLACE Training in an organization can be divided to two broad types. They are on-the-job trainings and off-the job trainings. With on-the-job trainings, employees receive trainings while they are at work. In this way, employees are conducting and learning when they are working. On-the-job training gives employees motivation to start the job. Some reports indicate that people learn more efficiently if they learn hands on rather than just listening to the instructors. Example: New engineers could work with experienced engineers. They could ask questions about the machines and the tools they are operating on, the problems they may come across the usual solutions to them etc. Instructors need to make the plan for what should be taught, and how much time spend on it, and after the trainings employees will informed about their progress. The main methods of on-the-job/off-the-job training included: Demonstration / Instruction Showing on site to the trainers specifically how to get the job done. Coaching a more detailed and intensive method of training that involves a close working relationship between the experienced trainers and the trainees. Coaching gives trainees the chance to ask questions and receive honest answers. Lectures Lectures usually take place in a classroom-format. Giving lectures supply huge amount of information to a lot of people in a short amount of time. But lectures could get boring and trainees lose interest in it. Group discussion Group discussion is most likely to take place in a classroom where a group of people discuss issues. Group discussion can allow employees to ask questions and provide ideas for the management. Comparing to lecture, it gets more involvement from the employees, and managers can heave the voice from the employees. Role playing Role playing allows employees to act out issues that could occur in the work place. Role playing can be effective in connecting theory and practice. There are many methods of trainings. The key is to find the best training method to suit the actual situation. Assess each training method implemented in the organization and get feedbacks from trainees. Then decide to adopt the most effective method to specify the training programme (Silva, 2011) FURTHER TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT These days for every business their goal is to stay competitive in the market. And highly skilled, motived and committed staff is the key factor to achieve that goal. Further-training widens employees skills and acknowledge, and therefore enable their personal advancement to contribute more to the organizations performance. Providing career development helps to motive employees and gain their commitment. In details, firstly, training and development helps in maximizing the human resource which further helps the organization to achieve organization goals as well as their personal goals. Secondly, training and development helps to provide opportunities to broaden employees knowledge, increase their skills, improve their personality even. Thirdly, training and development helps in increasing the productivity of the employees that helps the organization further to achieve its long-term success. Fourthly, training and development helps building the positive attitudes, good team spirits, and friendly working environment among the organization. It also helps improving the quality of work and work-life. Last but not least, training and development helps in the organization development. For example, the organization gets more effective decision making and problem solving with dedicated and skilled staff. Training and development helps in developing leadership skills, employee motivation, loya lty, positive attitudes, good perceptions between managers and employees. CONCLUSION Human resource is the most valuable resource to gain and maintain competitive advantage for organizations. From above we know that HRM impacts greatly on organizational performance. There are available tools such as balanced scorecards and benchmarking to measure the effectiveness of HRM. In workplace, unethical issues are inevitable and ethical codes of principles are necessary for every company. Mangers need to make ethical decisions and act on them ethically. Training and further education improves employees skills and abilities therefore enhance the organizations performance greatly.

Depletion of the Ozone Layer :: essays research papers

Depletion of the Ozone Layer The issue of whether the people of the world have exaggerated the threat of the ozone depletion has been widely debated. It is an important issue because it concerns health and well being now and tomorrow. A variety of different arguments have been put forward about this issue. Because air pollution is greatly affecting the ozone, America needs to take immediate steps to stop ozone depletion. This essay will examine different arguments concerning the ozone layer. Ozone is a highly irritant gas, which is formed in our atmosphere in the presence of sunlight from other air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. These "precusor" pollutants, which cause the formation of ozone, are emitted by pollution sources. The adverse health consequences of breathing ozone at levels below the current U.S. National ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 120 parts per billion are serious and well documented. Observational epidemiology studies have shown compelling and consistent evidence of adverse effects by ozone below the current standards. Considering the published results from various cities, the EPA analysis under predicts the respiratory hospital admission benefits of their proposed regulations. Airway inflammation in the lung is among the serious effects that have been demonstrated by controlled human studies of the ozone at levels typically experienced by most Americans. Exposures to ozone and particulate matter air pollution have been linked to medically significant adverse health effects. The current NAAQS for these pollutants are not sufficiently protective of public health. Both the ozone and particulate matter standards have vast implications for the equality of life and the economy of the United States. The vast majority of Americans support improving and enhancing the quality of their life by eliminating or decreasing air pollution. Americans are quite willing to shoulder the burden of clean air. The Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S public and Depletion of the Ozone Layer :: essays research papers Depletion of the Ozone Layer The issue of whether the people of the world have exaggerated the threat of the ozone depletion has been widely debated. It is an important issue because it concerns health and well being now and tomorrow. A variety of different arguments have been put forward about this issue. Because air pollution is greatly affecting the ozone, America needs to take immediate steps to stop ozone depletion. This essay will examine different arguments concerning the ozone layer. Ozone is a highly irritant gas, which is formed in our atmosphere in the presence of sunlight from other air pollutants, including nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. These "precusor" pollutants, which cause the formation of ozone, are emitted by pollution sources. The adverse health consequences of breathing ozone at levels below the current U.S. National ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 120 parts per billion are serious and well documented. Observational epidemiology studies have shown compelling and consistent evidence of adverse effects by ozone below the current standards. Considering the published results from various cities, the EPA analysis under predicts the respiratory hospital admission benefits of their proposed regulations. Airway inflammation in the lung is among the serious effects that have been demonstrated by controlled human studies of the ozone at levels typically experienced by most Americans. Exposures to ozone and particulate matter air pollution have been linked to medically significant adverse health effects. The current NAAQS for these pollutants are not sufficiently protective of public health. Both the ozone and particulate matter standards have vast implications for the equality of life and the economy of the United States. The vast majority of Americans support improving and enhancing the quality of their life by eliminating or decreasing air pollution. Americans are quite willing to shoulder the burden of clean air. The Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S public and

racism Essay -- essays research papers fc

Racism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Racism, what does that word mean. To many people it means that ones ethnic stock is superior to others, but this is the dictionary definition. To me racism is; hate crimes, people bias towards certain ethnic groups, ignorance, intolerance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hate crimes happen a lot because of racism, for example; in Georgia two white males beat a black man and drag him behind their truck in till his head was ripped off.(www.princeton.edu/bnsimon/race.html) All of this because of his skin color. Hitler killed all those Jews because he thought he was better than them, more superior to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Certain ethnic groups are sometimes bias to other ethnic groups. Like the whites think that the blacks are not as good because they have dark skin. A good example of the whites not liking the blacks is the KKK, they are a organized group of whites that don’t like the blacks.(Ethics and Values volume 7) Back in the day the whites would have blacks as there slaves, make them work with out receiveing any money for it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ignorance, what is ignorance. The dictionary says that it is the lack of knowledge or understanding. that is part of racism. Some ethnic groups don’t understand others so they automatically think they are better. The best way to fight racism is for a more critical scence for all people because the privilage of â€Å"whiteness† has made many whites either unable to talk about race or very uncomfortable doing so. we never hear people reflect on what it feels like and means to be white except for that irritating â€Å"angry white male talk.† Mostly for ethnic groups like Jews, Irish, Italions, who have been descriminated against on a basis of ethnicity.(Cornel West) Every one has had their shot at defining â€Å"race† Theologins had their shot for hundreds of years. Then scientists took over in the nineteeth century. social scienetists have dominated the twentiah century definitions of race. (cornel West)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some people think that color blindness is the answer to racial divides but how many white people realize that this means more than other races giving up their indentifications and thinking of themselves as individuals. In south africa they are setting up to find ways to stop racism in advertising.( Gomes - Sheftel Nasoan, Racism, )  ... ...worth escaped my soul. You were vultures wanting to leave me with only a shell. You almost succeded Yet I have removed your curse. This poem is about her being a minority and getting called names by people. She says that when she was growing up she was different. Racism in any form is a realistic and homble way of thinking.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I’ve found out that Racism isn’t just a word, it is a feeling, thought, action. Racism still exists today and will probably exists forever. There will all ways be that one person who thinks he is better than another person. And Because of this I don’t think that there is a way to ever stop racism. There are only ways to help keep it down. If you see some one experiencing hate because of there race, you could help them out by telling the person doing it to stop. Bibliography www.prinveton.edu/bnsimon/race.html www.encyclopedia.com/articles/10725raceclassificationandracism.html Mentor older brother, January 6, 2002 Gomes - Sheftel Nasoan, Racism, Therosen publishing group inc West, cornel Race Matters, Beacon Press Boston 1997 Ethics and Values Volume7, Racism - slander, grolier educational 1999 Juneau Empire, January 7, 2002

How strong was Nationalism in the Second Reich?

In 1871, Bismarck unified Germany; however this great achievement did not mean that his job was done. Now, the ultimate threat for him was a revolution, so he needed to make sure that everyone was reasonably happy in the new unified Germany. The constitution of the German Reich was created on 19 April 1871. This aimed to please the upper class, middle class, working class and the German states. The upper class were pleased by the fact that they would be ruled by a German Emperor (William I) who was also the King of Prussia and Supreme Commander. This way, they could maintain an element of autocracy and social hierarchy. The Federal Council could over-rule the Reichstag if it wanted to so this helped to avoid democracy, again, pleasing the upper class. Having a constitution would please the middle class as it enables democracy to a certain extent. They would have been pleased by the fact that the constitution allows the middle class suffrage and in turn, gains them more power. Gaining the vote and power within the constitution also pleased the working class. Twenty-five confederal states made up the Federal Council, meaning that Prussia did not overrule everyone; this pleased the other German states. Prussia was only allowed seventeen representatives; however, the council had the power of veto, if they were supported by 14 votes. This meant that it would take only 14 of the 17 representatives of Prussia to overrule the other states. The careful planning of the constitution helped to encourage nationalism, as everyone in it was kept quite happy. The middle and working class got elements of democracy whilst the upper class had elements of autocracy. However, it was more absolutist than it appeared to be. Bismarck and Prussia still had subtle control over Germany. How did the government encourage the people to be good Germans? Nationalism throughout Germany was encouraged in areas such as education, industry and the monarchy. The writings of Heinrich Von Treitschke were very influential to the German people. He believed that Germans were driven by ideas such as nationalism rather than being practical. The acquisition of power was the key to a successful Germany, â€Å"only the truly great and powerful states ought to exist.† As he was such an influential writer, it was causing nationalism to grow amongst the German people. Treitschke also believed in conformity and wrote that â€Å"the individual has no right to regard the state as a means for attaining his own ambitions in life†, meaning that people should do as they are told by their government, and not revolt (like the French did.) Both the acquisition of power and conformity had created a replacement to absolutism known as authoritarianism. His writing showed that nationalism was becoming more and more conservative. To be a good German, you had to pure blooded and a militarist. Treitschke taught that war was a good thing and it makes you a better person. â€Å"The sacred power of love which a righteous war awakes† is an example of what he wrote about war. Germany was founded through three wars, so to Germans it must seem a very good thing. However, this all changed after WWI. Nationalism was also being encouraged through education. Textbooks would contain phrases such as â€Å"the ideal bearers of civilisation with an innate superiority and pureness of blood.† Introducing to children the ideas of the Aryan race. How serious was opposition to nationalism? The main opposition to nationalism consisted of the Catholic church, workers and women. Problems with the Catholic church arose because Bismarck tried to control the country through education. However, for Catholics, their education lies in the hands of their religion so what they were taught by their religion was very different to what Bismarck wanted to teach them. In 1870, the Vatican Council adopted the doctrine of papal infallibility, meaning that whatever the pope said or did was right, and no one was allowed to question it. This was a problem for Bismarck as he continued to try to gain control over German education. He passed many laws such as the May Laws (1873) which forbade catholic inspections of schools, but by 1887, a bill was passed to give the Church its old independence. The Catholics won the Kulturkampf so they proved to be a threatening opposition to nationalism. Socialism of the working class was the most serious form of opposition to nationalism. The social democrats were similar to communists in the sense that they wanted the abolition of classes and class rule. Bismarck tried to prevent them from growing, by introducing anti-socialist laws, but they continued to grow even faster. By 1912, the SPD were the largest party in the Reichstag with nearly 4million votes!! Bismarck even attempted to encourage working class nationalism by introducing state insurance and pension, however, this was simply mocked by socialists. They called it ‘state socialism.' The social democrats continued to be the largest party in the Reichstag up to the outbreak of WWI in 1914. Another form of opposition to nationalism was women. This was not as serious as the Suffragettes in Britain, although it still posed a threat to nationalism. Women were seen as second class citizens who were oppressed by the ruling classes, generally men. The women's movement achieved very little under Bismarck, however, they managed to get the right to get involved in politics. It was the most low key of the three main threats to nationalism, as it was not as significant as the Socialists or the Catholics. Out of the three, the biggest threat to nationalism seems to be the Social Democratic party, as they managed to become the largest party in the Reichstag, meaning that they would have quite an influence over parliament. However, the Federal Council could just simply dissolve the Reichstag if they felt it was necessary.

Unit Reflection

The main subjects I learned in this unit was plagiarism and cheating on assignments. This unit reflects the do's and don't on how to pass this class. I believe that informing the students on how to pass is helpful for the teachers and parents. Plagiarism is the use of copying someone's words or ideas and using them as your own. For example, if you copy and paste a quote with no documentation of where you found it, that's plagiarism. It's illegal to plagiarism someone else's work as your own.However, the lack of knowledge some students have about plagiarism could effect their work. Unintentional plagiarism can be common because the student honestly believes they are doing nothing wrong. Although It Is unintentional you should expect some suspicion from teachers. Cheating has became common In America as more students are cheating themselves out of their work. Cheating Is being dishonest in order to gain an advantage in one's school work. For example, Your friend finished her essay befo re you could even start working on it. She leaves it with you for you to copy and turn it in. Inning your friends work instead of taking the time to do your own is cheating. In the end you are Just cheating yourself by not learning what you need to know. The teachers can easily spot when you cheat so it's best not to do it at all. Time management will help you pass this course. Going back and checking the discussion board will help make a good discussion. If everyone Just forgot about the board then no one would interact with one another. However, being respectful Is the most Important when talking to other students. I believe time Is what I need to personally focus on during assignments.My time management Is unrecognized and scattered. Personally, I need to make a schedule for my time and the assignments due. For example, the time I expect to spend on online courses in order to meet my goal is doing at least two subjects a day. I plan on working from 8 to 12 everyday except on Sund ays. The best kind of work Is your own work. When ideas come from you it's more genuine and you'll feel more confident in your school work. This unit helped me understand how to pass this course. My confidence in passing is better now than it was before I read this unit. Could effect their work.Unintentional plagiarism can be common because the student honestly believes they are doing nothing wrong. Although it is unintentional in America as more students are cheating themselves out of their work. Cheating is with you for you to copy and turn it in. Using your friends work instead of taking the board then no one would interact with one another. However, being respectful is the most important when talking to other students. I believe time is what I need to personally focus on during assignments. My time management is unrecognized and The best kind of work is your own work.