Anabolic Steroids: Types, Applications and Implications

Anabolic Steroids Types, Applications and ImplicationsTHE SCOPE AND HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF DOPING IN SPORTS ANABOLIC STEROID USE IN WEIGHTLIFTERS AND TEENS AND THEIR EFFECTS.KOJO O. KUNTU-BLANKSONINTRODUCTIONThere invite been many definitions for doping. The current official definition of doping is given based on the World Anti-Doping Code as follows Doping is defined as the occurrence of whizz or more(prenominal) of the anti-doping rule violations raiment forth in Article 2.1 through article 2.8 of the World Anti-Doping Code. Doping fanny also be defined as the reflect or inadvertent personal exertion by an athlete of a substance or method outlaw by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and opposite related organisations, to gain unfair advantage or to enhance surgical operation. Performance-enhancing substances construct been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine by societies around the world, with the bet of promoting vitality and vividness.1. The us e of gonadal hormones pre-dates their identification and isolation.Medical use of testifyicle extract began in the late 19th century, while its effects on strength were still macrocosm studied.2 Testosterone, the most active anabolic-androgenic sex hormone produced by Leydig cells in the testes, was first isolated in 1935 and chemically synthesized later in the same year. semisynthetic derivatives of testosterone quickly followed. By the end of the following decade, two testosterone and its derivatives were applied with varying degrees of success for a number of health check conditions. It was not until the 1950s, however, that athletes began to disc over that anabolic steroid hormone hormones could addition their muscle mass. According to sports physician John Ziegler, the first confirmed use of an anabolic steroid in an international athletic controversy was at the weight-lift championships in Vienna in 1954, when the Russians weightlifters used testosterone.5 Sport go es beyond a measure of athletic excellence and the winning of trophies and medals. Sport is an integral thread in the fabric of society and enriches our daily lives. Most of us substantiate a favourite sport we play or follow with a passion be it soccer, rugby, swimming, cycling, athletics, winter sports or our national games of hurling, football and handball. The most honourable among us atomic number 18 perhaps those who have competed in sport and hold true its finest principles. accredited winners be those who achieve their goals through talent, skill, cultivation, motivation and rising to all the challenges their sports baffle. Increasingly, however, a win at all costs ethos that undermines the very integrity of sport has entered the pipe bowl and a new game is at stake, the dangerous and sometimes deadly game of doping. Some ergogenic drugs used by athletes argon categorized into blood boosters, diuretics, be given mass manufactureing, masking drugs, painkillers, sedat ives and stimulants. caudex boosters e.g. erythropoietin, sum up the athletes blood oxygen-carrying capacity, above its natural capacity, giving the athlete unfair advantage over his/her non-doping accessory in endurance games like marathons, swimming, cycling etc. Diuretics help eliminate fluid from the bole. Athletes who need to maintain a certain weight level for competition could use these to decrease their weight. They muckle also be used as masking agents because they dilute urine and decrease the likelihood of detecting the presence of opposite drugs. Lean mass builders increase the growth of the bodys muscle. This category includes several different classes of drugs, particularly, the more popularly known anabolic steroids whichs the focus of this review and human growth hormone. These are used in strength games like weightlifting, shot put, discus throwing etc. Methods of doping include blood doping and gene doping. Blood doping send away be either autologous or hom ologous transfusions, to help to improve their blood-oxygen carrying capacity. Advancements in gene therapy for medical reasons mean potential cheats might anticipate to undergo procedures to modify their genes to enhance their physical capabilities. Doping in sports is a huge societal problem. No longer limited to elite athletes, it is increasingly found in amateur and school sports that teens or adolescents in their early or mid-puberty are engaged in. The use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AS) is perceived by the media, by segments of the sports medicine and athletic communities, and by the public to have grown to epidemic proportions. Unfortunately, the incidence and prevalence of AS use among elite, amateur, and recreational athletes is poorly documented.BODYSTEROIDSSteroids are any of numerous by nature occurring or synthetic fat-soluble organic compounds having as a basis seventeen carbon atoms arranged in four rings. Steroids are important in body chemistry and include s teroid hormones such as the gonadal or sex steroids (which include androgens e.g., estrogens and progesterone), corticosteroids (glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids) vitamins of the D group and the sterols, including cholesterol, the main building block of the steroid hormones in the body.ANABOLIC STEROIDSAnabolic androgenic steroids commonly called roids, juice, hype or pump, are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, which is the primary male sex hormone, but is also present in the female. They are a class of drugs that are legally available only by prescription and are prescribed to treat a potpourri of conditions that cause a loss of lean muscle mass. They produce anabolic activity by increasing protein deductive reasoning, epiphyses closure of long bones during puberty, enlargement of voice box and vocal cords, improvement of red cells number, reduce body fat and androgenic activity (enhanced secondary sexual characteristics). These compounds can produce a significant in crease in muscular size and physical strength in both males and females and therefore used in sports and bodybuilding (weightlifting) to enhance strength or physique. They can be either oral or injectable. The oral ones include Anadrol (oxymetholone), Oxandrin (oxandrolone), Dianabol (methandrostenolone) and Winstrol (stanozolol). The injectable ones include Deca-Durabolin (nandrolone decanoate),Durabolin (nandrolone phenpropionate), Depo-Testosterone (testosterone cypionate) and Equipoise (boldenone undecylenate).HOW ANABOLIC STEROIDS ARE TAKENAnabolic steroids are either taken by mouth or injected into a muscle. The orals, as they are called, are ingested tablets or capsules. These forms are reportedly more toxic to the liver. Often the orals are taken in conjunction with injectable forms. The injectable forms are known as oils or waters. The oils refer to the long-acting types. They are injected into a muscle, usually the buttocks, and the steroid is released slowly over time. Ty pically, these drugs are injected only a couple of times a week. The waters are short-acting forms. Again, these are injected, usually in the buttocks, but they practice much faster and are eliminated much more quickly. There are two ways for anabolic steroids administration. Oral steroids are highly potent and are excreted fairly rapidly from the body due to short metabolic half-lives, (usually within weeks). So, oral steroids are the first choice for athletes who want to rapidly improve their performance and try to escape showing positive results on drug tests. These drugs, however, are the most toxic and have more side effects. Injectable steroids are slight potent and generally exhibit delayed uptake into the body, especially if they are oil-based diluents. They have less liver toxicity than oral steroids, but they are being less used by athletes because of having detectability in drug tests for long periods.It should be noted that doses used by athletes often greatly exceed d oses recommended for legitimate medical reasons, ca employ the potential for even greater negative consequences. Moreover, many athletes will use more than one anabolic steroid simultaneously. There are troika common regimens practiced by anabolic steroid abusers cycling, stacking and pyramiding.In cycling, the athletes take the steroid for six to twelve weeks and then stops for ten to twelve weeks. The steroid can be oral or injectable and doses are often ten to hundred times higher than standard therapeutic dose. Stacking is the use of more than one anabolic steroid at a time to break through response plateaus that often occurs. About forty percent of steroid abusers use this kind of regimen, presenting a high risk for central nervous system. Athletes can sometimes start with low dose of anabolic steroids, increasing the dose over a period of weeks, and then gradually tapering off before ending the regimen. This is known as pyramiding.MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANABOLIC STEROIDSThe e rgogenic effects of anabolic steroids use are valued for three main mechanisms of actionThey shift the nitrogen equilibrium to the positive side for better utilization of ingested protein and the increase computer memory of nitrogen. Although temporary and needing a high-protein complementary diet, this effect helps the body to build muscles. The formation of a steroid-receptor complex in skeletal muscle stimulates the RNA-polymerase system which, in turn, increases protein synthesis in the cell. Anabolic steroids compete for glucocorticoides receptors, resulting in an anti-catabolic effect by blocking the protein synthesis inhibition which physiologically occurs after exercises due to glucocorticoides liberation. Frequently, an euphoric and more predatory behavior are experienced by anabolic steroids users, stimulating them to practice more and without fatigue for longer periods.ANABOLIC STEROID AND SPORTS WINNING AT each COST.To excel in athletic competition is admirable. Most high school, college, amateur and professional athletes participate in sports for the opportunity to pit their abilities against those of their peers, and to experience the satisfaction that comes from performing to their potential. Others do so to satisfy a desire for recognition and fame. Unfortunately, that creates some atheletes who are determined to win at any cost. And, they may use that intent to justify the use of anabolic steroids, despite evidence that these drugs can inflict irreversible physical harm and have significant side effects. Dietary supplements and ergogenic agents, including anabolic steroids, are common components of present-day bodybuilder and weightlifter training regimens. Prior reports of anabolic steroid use suggest polypharmacy and high doses of injectable agents. Anabolic steroid use among weightlifters and bodybuilders continues till date. For almost three decades, athletes have been supplementing their strength program with anabolic steroids to enha nce their performance. To be sure, anabolic steroids are effective supplements to strength training programs, but there is no doubt that the consequences can be deleterious. The number of athletes who abuse anabolic steroids is unknown. Many athletic associations ban their use, including the National Football group discussion (NFL), Major League Baseball (MLB), National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Olympics, so few athletes are willing to admit that they use these drugs. The NFL tests its athletes for illicit use. Players who test positive face suspension and, upon testing positive a second time, are expelled from the League. MLB players are tested once a year, and if they test positive they can be suspended for up to ten days. If a player tests positive after the first test, they can be suspended without pay for up to one year. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Sports Medicine condemn the use of anabolic steroids for enhancement of spo rts performance or body building.WHY SOME ATHLETES misapply ANABOLIC STEROIDSBelieving that anabolic steroids can improve competitiveness and performance, uninformed or misguided athletes, sometimes encouraged by coaches or parents, abuse these drugs to build lean muscle mass, promote aggressiveness, increase body weight, to improve ones physical appearance and as self-medication to recover from injury.HOW ATHLETES OBTAIN ANABOLIC STEROIDSAthletes may obtain banned medicines from physicians, pharmacists, retail outlets, health and lifestyle magazines, gymnasiums, coaches, family members, fellow athletes, the internet and the black market. Many doctors may prescribe unwittingly for what they trust is a genuine complaint, 10, 14 16 and there are no controls on mail order and internet sales.TESTING PROCEDURESThe advent of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in the early mid-eighties transformed the success of drug testing.Moreover the new age of gene transfer technology (GTT) w ill gradually render dope testing control systems out of date GTT will increase muscle growth by as much as 28%.4 Doping is a major ethical, educational, financial, health and management problem and governments have a poor track record in controlling its spread.25TEEN/ADOLESCENT USE OF ANABOLIC STEROIDSIncreasing numbers of adolescents are turning to steroids for cosmetic reasons. The common link among them is the desire to look, perform and feel better at almost any cost. Users-and especially the young-are apt to ignore or deny warnings nigh health risks. If they see friends growing taller and stronger on steroids, they want the same benefits. They want to believe in the power of the drug.EFFECTS OF ANABOLIC STEROID USE IN WEIGHTLIFTERS AND TEENSAlthough anabolic steroids can boost physical performance, promote aggressiveness on the field, increase body weight, improve ones physical appearance and as self-medication to recover from injury, they have side effects that can impair a thletic performance and also affect the quality of life abusers. Many athletes take anabolic steroids at doses that are much higher than those prescribed for medical reasons, and most of what is known about the drugs effects on athletes comes from observing users. While the total impact of anabolic steroid abuse is not known, health care providers have observed the following problems in the blood, liver, heart, skeleton, skin and immune systems of users especially weightlifters. Cholesterol patterns associated with coronary heart disease, stymy blood vessels, or stroke are some of the problems associated with the blood. In the heart, increased cholesterol eventually leads to high blood pressure. Impaired liver function, Peliosis hepatitis (blood-filled cysts that can rupture and cause liver failure) and tumours are observed in livers of weightlifters (both men and women) who abuse anabolic steroids. Bone growth is among the body processes that can shut pop up with steroid use. Ado lescents/teens on anabolic steroids may find their muscles bulking up, but bone growth stops with premature fusion of the epiphysis (growth centre) of long bones. The result is for good stunted growth. There is risk until bones stop growing. Appearance of, or increasing acne and other skin rashes or ailments, male pattern baldness, edema (water retention/swelling), striae (stretch marks) are also observed on the skin. The immune system is also compromised when abusers share hypodermic needles infected with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and hepatitis B virus to administer these steroids. By sharing needles, syringes or other equipment, a person becomes a high risk for HIV transmission. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS (Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). Abusers also experience mental problems like Mood swings, aggressive (even violent behaviour), depression, psychotic episodes, mania and addiction. Since anabolic steroids are derived from testosterone, they can have profoun d effects on the hormone levels of both male and female abusers. In men, these problems can cause any of the following problems Temporary infertility or sterility (reversible), altered sex drive, prostate enlargement, and increased prostate cancer risk, gynecomastia, priapism, shrinkage of the testicles,reduced levels of testosterone, abnormal sperm production.Health care providers have reported the following problems in women Increased risk of cervical and endometrial cancer, increased risk of osteoporosis, temporary infertility or sterility (reversible), altered sex drive, birth defects in future children, changes in fat distribution, growth of nervus facialis and body hair, deepening of the voice, shrinkage of the breasts and uterus, clitoral enlargement, menstrual irregularity. Changes in the male reproductive system are often reversible, if anabolic steroids have not been ill-treat for a long period of time. Unfortunately, some of the changes in women are not reversible. Prol onged abuse of anabolic steroids very often results in physical addiction. Abusers mustiness undergo a strict, medically-supervised withdrawal program. There are social consequences of committing anti-doping rule violations (ADRV). Sanction may include loss of sponsorship deals, loss of income, wiping out of previous achievements, alter relationships with friends and family, isolation from peers and sports and damage to future career prospects.ENDING THE ABUSE OF ANABOLIC STEROIDSAthletes who are really serious about their health and sports and aim to improve their physical strength, performance and appearance can keep the following tips in mind Train safely, without using drugs, eat a healthy diet, get plenty of rest, set realistic goals and be proud of themselves when they reach them, seek out training supervision, coaching and advice from a reliable professional, avoid injuries by playing safely and using protective gear.